What we know about the South Korea plane crash

More than 170 people have died after a plane crashed as it was landing in South Korea on Sunday morning.

Harrowing video footage shows the Jeju Air plane coming off the runway before colliding with a barrier and bursting into flames at Muan International Airport.

The plane, which was returning from Bangkok, in Thailand, was carrying 181 people – 179 of whom have died, while two crew members were rescued from the wreckage.

Authorities are investigating the cause of the crash, which fire officials have indicated may have occurred due to a bird strike and bad weather. However experts have warned the crash could have been caused by a number of factors.

The flight, 7C2216, was a Boeing 737-800 operated by Jeju Air, Korea’s most popular budget airline.

Air traffic control authorised the plane to land at Muan International Airport at about 08:54 local time on Sunday (23:54 GMT) – just three minutes before issuing a warning about bird activity in the area.

At 08:59, the pilot reported that the plane had struck a bird, declaring “mayday mayday mayday” and “bird strike, bird strike, go-around”. The pilot then aborted the original landing and requested permission to land from the opposite direction.

Air traffic control authorised the alternative landing at 09:01 – and at 09:02 the plane made contact with the ground, coming down at roughly the halfway point of the 2,800m runway.

One video appears to show the plane touching down without using its wheels or any other landing gear. It skidded down the runway, overshot it and crashed into a wall, before erupting into flames.

A witness told the South Korean news agency Yonhap that they heard a “loud bang” followed by a “series of explosions”.

Videos from the scene show the plane ablaze with smoke billowing into the sky. Fire crews later extinguished the fire.

The first of two survivors was rescued from the crash at about 09:23, with the second being rescued from inside the tail section of the plane at about 09:50.

Lee Jeong-hyun, the chief of the Muan fire department, told a televised briefing that the bird strike and bad weather may have caused the crash – but that the exact cause is still being investigated.

The flight and voice recorders from the plane have been recovered, though the Yonhap news agency reported that the former was damaged.

An investigator told the news agency that the black boxes could take up to a month to decode.

One passenger on the flight messaged a relative, saying that a bird “was stuck in the wing” and that the plane could not land, local media reported.

Officials, however, have not confirmed whether the plane did actually collide with any birds.

The head of Jeju Air’s management said that the crash was not due to “any maintenance issues”, Yonhap reported.

The South Korean transport department said that the head pilot on the flight had held the role since 2019 and had more than 6,800 hours of flight experience.

Geoffrey Thomas, an aviation expert and editor of Airline News, told the BBC that South Korea and its airlines were considered “industry best practice” and that both the aircraft and the airline have an “excellent safety record”.

Thomas separately told the Reuters news agency that he was sceptical that a bird strike alone could have caused the crash.

“A bird strike is not unusual. Problems with an undercarriage are not unusual. Bird strikes happen far more often, but typically they don’t cause the loss of an airplane by themselves,” he said.

The plane was carrying 175 passengers and six crew. Two of the passengers were Thai and the rest are believed to have been South Korean, authorities have said. Many are thought to have been returning from a Christmas holiday in Thailand.

The official death toll stands at 179 – making it the deadliest plane crash in South Korean history.

All the passengers and four members of crew died.

Officials have been collecting saliva samples from family members gathered at Muan Airport to help identify bodies of victims. Other victims have been identified by their fingerprints.

Authorities have so far identified 141 bodies.

Five of the people who died were children under the age of 10. The youngest passenger was a three-year-old boy and the oldest was 78, authorities said, citing the passenger manifest.

“I can’t believe the entire family has just disappeared,” Maeng Gi-Su, 78, whose nephew and grand-nephews were on the flight, told the BBC. “My heart aches so much.”

South Korea’s National Fire Agency said two members of flight crew – a man and a woman – survived the crash. They were found in the tail side of the aircraft after the crash and taken to hospital, it said.

The man has woken up and is “fully able to communicate,” according to Yonhap, which cites the director of the Seoul hospital where he is being treated.

More than 1,500 emergency personnel have been deployed as part of recovery efforts, including 490 fire employees and 455 police officers. They have been searching the area around the runway for parts of the plane and those who were onboard.

Acting President Choi Sang-mok has has ordered an emergency safety inspection of the country’s entire airline operations.

Muan has also been declared a special disaster zone, which makes central government funding available to the local government and victims.

All flights to and from Muan International Airport have been cancelled.

A national seven-day period of mourning has been declared, and New Year’s Day celebrations in the country are likely to be cancelled or scaled down.

Airliner Boeing has said it is in touch with Jeju Air and stands “ready to support them”.

Jeju Air has apologised to families, with its chief executive saying in a news conference that the airline had no history of accidents. It is believed that Sunday’s crash has been the only fatal accident since the airline was launched in 2005.

A bird strike is a collision between a plane in flight and a bird. They are very common – in the UK, there were more than 1,400 bird strikes reported in 2022, only about 100 of which affected the plane, according to data from the Civil Aviation Authority.

The best known bird strike occurred in 2009, when an Airbus plane made an emergency landing on New York’s Hudson River after colliding with a flock of geese. All 155 passengers and crew survived.

Professor Doug Drury, who teaches aviation at CQUniversity Australia, wrote in an article for The Conversation this summer that Boeing planes – like Airbus and Embraer – have turbofan engines, which can be severely damaged in a bird strike.

He said that pilots are trained to be especially vigilant during the early morning or at sunset, when birds are most active.

But some aviation experts are sceptical about whether a bird strike could have caused the crash at Muan Airport.

“Typically they [bird strike] don’t cause the loss of an airplane by themselves,” Mr Thomas told Reuters.

Australian airline safety expert Geoffrey Dell also told the news agency: “I’ve never seen a bird strike prevent the landing gear from being extended.”